This here is a Linux command cheat sheet.
I found it here:
http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.htmlapropos word
Show commands pertinent to word.
which command
Show full path name of command
time command
See how long a command takes
time cat
Start stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. See also sw
nice info
Run a low priority command (info in this case)
renice 19 -p $$
Make shell (script) low priority. Use for non interactive tasks
look prefix
Quickly search (sorted) dictionary
grep --color expr...ion /usr/share/dict/words
Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary
gpg -c file
Encrypt file
gpg file.gpg
Decrypt file
alias hd='od -Ax -tx1z -v'
Handy hexdump. (usage e.g.: hd /proc/self/cmdline less)
alias realpath='readlink -f'
Canonicalize path. (usage e.g.: realpath ~/../$USER)
set grep $USER
Search current environment
ls /usr/bin pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS
Print in 9 columns to width of terminal
touch -c -t 0304050607 file
Set file timestamp (YYMMDDhhmm)
dir navigation
cd -
Go to previous directory
cd
Go to home directory
(cd dir && command)
Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir
pushd .
Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it
CDs
gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz
Save copy of data cdrom
mkisofs -V NAME -r dir gzip > cdrom.iso.gz
Create cdrom image from contents of dir
mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir
Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only)
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast
Clear a CDRW
gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -
Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev)
cdparanoia -B
Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio *.wav
Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao)
oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg'
Make ogg file from wav file
archives
tar c dir/ bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2
Make archive of dir/
bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 tar x
Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files)
tar c dir/ gzip gpg -c ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg'
Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine
find dir/ -name '*.txt' tar c --files-from=- bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2
Make archive of subset of dir/ and below
find dir/ -name '*.txt' xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents
Make copy of subset of dir/ and below
( tar c /dir/to/copy ) ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p )
Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir
( cd /dir/to/copy && tar c . ) ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p )
Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/
( tar c /dir/to/copy ) ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar x -p'
Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir
dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda gzip ssh user@remote 'dd of=hda.gz'
Backup harddisk to remote machine
rsync (Use the --dry-run option for testing)
rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file
Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads
rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile
Locally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O
rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html'
Mirror web site (using compression and encryption)
rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh . remote:/dir/
Synchronize current directory with remote one
file searching
alias l='ls -l --color=auto'
quick dir listing
ls -lrt
List files by date. See also newest
find -name '*.[ch]' xargs grep -E 'expr'
Search 'expr' in this dir and below. See also findrepo
find -type f -print0 xargs -r0 grep -F 'string'
Search all regular files for 'string' in this dir and below
find -maxdepth 1 -type f xargs grep -F 'string'
Search all regular files for 'string' in this dir
find -maxdepth 1 -type d while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done
Process each item with multiple commands (in while loop)
find -type f ! -perm -444
Find files not readable by all (useful for web site)
find -type d ! -perm -111
Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site)
locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt'
Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt
networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete)
ip link show
List interfaces
ethtool interface
List interface status
ip link set dev eth0 name wan
Rename eth0 to wan
ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0
Add ip and mask(255.255.255.0)
ip link set dev interface up
Bring interface up (or down)
ip route add default via 1.2.3.254
Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254
tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1:0 netem delay 20msec
Add 20ms latency to loopback device (for testing)
tc qdisc del dev lo root
Remove latency added above
host pixelbeat.org
Lookup ip address for name or vice versa
hostname -i
Lookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`)
netstat -tupl
List internet services on a system
netstat -tup
List active connections to/from system
wget (multi purpose download tool)
(cd cmdline && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html)
Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir
wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file
Continue downloading a partially downloaded file
wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/
Download a set of files to the current directory
wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/
FTP supports globbing directly
wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html grep 'a href' head
Process output directly
echo 'wget url' at 01:00
Download url at 1AM to current dir
wget --limit-rate=20k url
Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case)
wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html
Check links in a file
wget --mirror http://www.example.com/
Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron)
windows (note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support)
smbtree
Find windows machines. See also findsmb
nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4
Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address
smbclient -L windows_box
List shares on windows machine or samba server
mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share
Mount a windows share
echo 'message' smbclient -M windows_box
Send popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2)
math
echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' bc -l
Quick math
echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 123' bc
Base conversion (decimal to hexadecimal)
echo $((0x2dec))
Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion))
echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' bc
More complex (int) e.g. This shows max FastE packet rate
echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' python
Python handles scientific notation
echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)' gnuplot -persist
Plot FastE packet rate vs packet size
text manipulation (note sed uses stdin and stdout, so if you want to edit files, append
newfile)
sed 's/string1/string2/g'
Replace string1 with string2
sed 's/\(.*\)1/\12/g'
Modify anystring1 to anystring2
sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d'
Remove comments and blank lines
sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta'
Concatenate lines with trailing
sed 's/[ \t]*$//'
Remove trailing spaces from lines
sed 's/\([\\`\\"$\\\\]\)/\\\1/g'
Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes
sed -n '1000p;1000q'
Print 1000th line
sed -n '10,20p;20q'
Print lines 10 to 20
sed -n 's/.*<[tT][iI][tT][lL][eE]>\(.*\)<\/[tT][iI][tT][lL][eE]>.*/\1/p;T;q'
Extract title from HTML web page
sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n
Sort IPV4 ip addresses
echo 'Test' tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'
Case conversion
tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom
Filter non printable characters
grep 'processor' /proc/cpuinfo wc -l
Count lines
set operations (Note LANG=C is for speed)
LANG=C sort file1 file2 uniq
Union of unsorted files
LANG=C sort file1 file2 uniq -d
Intersection of unsorted files
LANG=C sort file1 file1 file2 uniq -u
Difference of unsorted files
LANG=C sort file1 file2 uniq -u
Symmetric Difference of unsorted files
LANG=C comm file1 file2 sed 's/^\t*//'
Union of sorted files
LANG=C comm -12 file1 file2
Intersection of sorted files
LANG=C comm -13 file1 file2
Difference of sorted files
LANG=C comm -3 file1 file2 sed 's/^\t*//'
Symmetric Difference of sorted files
calendar
cal -3
Display a calendar
cal 9 1752
Display a calendar for a particular month year
date -d fri
What date is it this friday. See also day
date --date='25 Dec' +%A
What day does xmas fall on, this year
date --date '1970-01-01 UTC 1234567890 seconds'
Convert number of seconds since the epoch to a date
TZ=':America/Los_Angeles' date
What time is it on West coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ)
echo "mail -s 'get the train' P@draigBrady.com < /dev/null" at 17:45
Email reminder
echo "DISPLAY=$DISPLAY xmessage cooker" at "NOW + 30 minutes"
Popup reminder
locales
printf "%'d\n" 1234
Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale
echo "I live in `locale territory`"
Extract info from locale database
locale cut -d= -f1 xargs locale -kc less
List fields in locale database
LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix
Lookup locale info for specific country. See also ccodes
disk space (See also FSlint)
ls -lSr
Show files, biggest last
du -s * sort -k1,1rn head
Show top disk users in current dir. See also dutop
df -h
Show free disk space
df -i
Show free inodes
fdisk -l
Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root)
rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' sort -k1,1n
List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros
dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' sort -k1,1n
List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros
dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test
Create a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate
monitoring/debugging
strace -c ls >/dev/null
Summarise/profile system calls made by command
strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null
List system calls made by command
ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null
List library calls made by command
lsof -p $$
List paths that process id has open
lsof ~
List processes that have specified path open
tcpdump not port 22
Show network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me
ps -e -o pid,args --forest
List processes in a hierarchy
ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu sed '/^ 0.0 /d'
List processes by % cpu usage
ps -e -orss=,args= sort -b -k1,1n pr -TW$COLUMNS
List processes by mem usage. See also ps_mem.py
ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state
List all threads for a particular process
ps -p 1,2
List info for particular process IDs
last reboot
Show system reboot history.
free -m
Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB)
watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts'
Watch changeable data continuously
System information (see also sysinfo)
hdparm -i /dev/hda
Show info about disk hda
hdparm -tT /dev/hda
Do a read speed test on disk hda
badblocks -s /dev/hda
Test for unreadable blocks on disk hda
mount column -t
Show mounted filesystems on the system (and align output)
cat /proc/partitions
Show all partitions registered on the system
grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo
Show RAM total seen by the system
grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo
Show CPU(s) info
lspci -tv
Show PCI info
lsusb -tv
Show USB info
recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos)
recode -l less
Show available conversions (aliases on each line)
recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt
Windows "ansi" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion)
recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt
Windows utf8 to local charset
recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt
Latin9 (western europe) to utf8
recode ../b64 <> file.b64
Base64 encode
recode /qp.. <> file.qp
Quoted printable decode
recode ..HTML <> file.html
Text to HTML
recode -lf windows-1252 grep euro
Lookup table of characters
echo -n 0x80 recode latin-9/x1..dump
Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap
echo -n 0x20AC recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x
Show latin-9 encoding
echo -n 0x20AC recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x
Show utf-8 encoding
interactive
mc
Powerful filemanager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ...
screen
Virtual terminals with detach capability, ...
links
Web browser
gnuplot
Interactive/scriptable graphing
octave
Matlab like environment
